Lethn I'm just wondering why there isn't any kind of interface to more quickly check rather than doing a print in code. I just had a moment because I realised how many nodes I often end up working with and sometimes I wonder if it couldn't be easier to keep track of child indexes.
You can replace 'get_child(x)' where 'x' is the child's index, with '$NODENAME' (which will autocomplete as you type based on child node names available) or 'get_node("NODENAME")' which largely removes the need to track anything by ID number in the way you are implying.
Also, in Godot the moment you select a different object in the main window, the selection in the Tree will change to reflect this. As such the tree always reflects which node is selected, and can thereby be referred to at any time to identify its parent.
The same is also true of Blender, however Blender does not automatically unscroll groups (for reasons). If you unscroll your armature, you should see it update here also as you select different bones, so you don't need to look in the 'Relations' section at all to see this.
I suppose if there were hundreds of children in the tree this would not immediately identify it's parent, but this I would imagine to be a pretty fringe issue and resolveable by relative paths/get_parent() anyway (i.e a child node already knows what its parent is, so you don't need to check it manually when writing child code).